碎片化记录#
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对易的两个算符测量先后顺序无关#
对于两子系统(Alice和Bob)的量子态 \(\rho\),若两个测量算符分别作用在不同子系统且对易,则联合概率与测量顺序无关。以下是严格推导:
Alice先测量:
联合概率为:\[ P(a,b) = \text{Tr}\left[ \underbrace{(I \otimes Q_b)}_{\text{Bob后测}} \cdot \underbrace{(P_a \otimes I) \rho (P_a \otimes I)}_{\text{Alice先测后的态}} \right]. \]Bob先测量:
联合概率为:\[ P(b,a) = \text{Tr}\left[ \underbrace{(P_a \otimes I)}_{\text{Alice后测}} \cdot \underbrace{(I \otimes Q_b) \rho (I \otimes Q_b)}_{\text{Bob先测后的态}} \right]. \]
由于 \( P_a \otimes I \) 和 \( I \otimes Q_b \) 作用在不同子系统,它们对易,投影算符的乘积可交换:
\[
(I \otimes Q_b)(P_a \otimes I) = (P_a \otimes I)(I \otimes Q_b).
\]
利用对易性,联合概率表达式可化简为:
对Alice先测量的表达式:
\[ P(a,b) = \text{Tr}\left[ (I \otimes Q_b)(P_a \otimes I) \rho (P_a \otimes I) \right] = \text{Tr}\left[ (P_a \otimes Q_b) \rho (P_a \otimes I) \right]. \]对Bob先测量的表达式:
\[ P(b,a) = \text{Tr}\left[ (P_a \otimes I)(I \otimes Q_b) \rho (I \otimes Q_b) \right] = \text{Tr}\left[ (P_a \otimes Q_b) \rho (I \otimes Q_b) \right]. \]
由于迹(Trace)的循环性质 \(\text{Tr}[ABC] = \text{Tr}[BCA]\),进一步化简:
对 \(P(a,b)\):
\[ P(a,b) = \text{Tr}\left[ (P_a \otimes Q_b) \rho (P_a \otimes I) \right] = \text{Tr}\left[ \rho (P_a \otimes I)(P_a \otimes Q_b) \right]. \]对 \(P(b,a)\):
\[ P(b,a) = \text{Tr}\left[ (P_a \otimes Q_b) \rho (I \otimes Q_b) \right] = \text{Tr}\left[ \rho (I \otimes Q_b)(P_a \otimes Q_b) \right]. \]
由于 \( (P_a \otimes I)(P_a \otimes Q_b) = P_a \otimes Q_b \) 且 \( (I \otimes Q_b)(P_a \otimes Q_b) = P_a \otimes Q_b \),两者结果一致:
\[
P(a,b) = P(b,a) = \text{Tr}\left[ \rho (P_a \otimes Q_b) \right].
\]